Skip to content
Search
  • All Articles
  • —————
  • About
    • Advertise Here
    • Privacy Policy
    • Cookies Statement
    • Copyright Notice
    • Disclaimer
    • Sitemap
    • Contact Us
  • Nuclear Power Plant
    • History of NPPs
    • Nuclear Power Plant
      • Nuclear Island
      • Turbine Island
      • Containment Building
      • Spent Fuel Pool
      • Steam Generator
      • Pressurizer
      • Reactor Coolant Pump
    • Turbine Generator
      • Principle of Operation
      • Thermodynamics of Steam Turbines
      • Steam Turbines
        • How does it work
        • Impulse Turbine
        • Reaction Turbine
        • Condensing Turbine
        • Back-pressure Turbine
        • Reheat Turbine
        • Extraction Turbine
        • Turbine Blades
        • Governing of Steam Turbine
        • Turbine Trip
        • HP Turbine
        • LP Turbine
      • Main Condenser
      • Turbine Bypass System
      • Cooling System
      • Cooling Towers
      • Deaerator
      • Feedwater Heating System
      • Main Generator
    • Types of Reactors
      • Light Water Reactor
      • Pressurized Water Reactor
      • Boiling Water Reactor
      • Small Modular Reactor
      • Supercritical Water Reactor
      • Heavy Water Reactor
      • Advanced Gas Cooled Reactor
      • Fast Neutron Reactor
      • Thorium Reactor
    • Nuclear Reactor
      • Reactor Vessel
      • Core Barrel
      • Neutron Reflector
      • Instrumentation
        • Incore Instrumentation
        • Excore Instrumentation
        • Nitrogen-16 Power Monitoring
      • Volume of RCS
      • Reactor Criticality
      • Reactor Power
      • Power Distribution
      • Fuel Consumption
      • Ductile–brittle Transition Temperature
    • Reactor Core
    • Nuclear Fuel
      • Fuel Cycle
        • Once-through Cycle
        • Wait and See
        • Twice-through Cycle
        • Uranium Mining
        • Uranium Milling
        • Yellowcake
        • Uranium Conversion
        • Uranium Enrichment
      • Fuel Assembly
        • Fuel Pellets
        • Fuel Cladding
      • Uranium
      • Thorium
      • Conversion Factor
      • Fuel Loading Pattern
      • Burnable Absorbers
      • High Burnup Fuel
      • Temperature Profile
      • Pressure Drop
      • Hydraulic Lift Force
    • Spent Nuclear Fuel
      • Spent Fuel Management
      • Interim Storage
      • Dry Storage
      • Spent Fuel Cask
      • Wet Storage
    • Radioactive Waste
      • High-level Waste
      • Intermediate-level Waste
      • Low-level Waste
      • Final Disposal
      • Deep Geological Repository
    • Neutron Moderator
    • Control Rods
  • Nuclear Physics
    • Laws of Conservation
      • Conservation of Matter
      • Conservation of Energy
      • Conservation of Momentum
      • Conservation of Angular Momentum
      • Conservation of Electric Charge
      • Conservation of Lepton Number
      • Conservation of Baryon Number
      • Conservation of Isospin
      • Conservation of Parity
    • Fundamental Particles
      • Quarks
      • Leptons
      • Electron
      • Baryons
      • Hadrons
      • Proton
      • Neutron
      • Photon
      • The Standard Model
      • Antimatter
    • Fundamental Forces
      • Strong Interaction
      • Weak Interaction
      • Electromagnetic Interaction
      • Gravitational Interaction
    • Atomic Theory
      • Atomism – Atomos
      • Discovery of Electron
      • Thomson Model
      • Discovery of Nucleus
      • Rutherford Model
      • Bohr Model
      • Discovery of Proton
      • Pauli Principle
    • Atom
      • Electron Cloud
      • Atomic Nucleus
      • Liquid Drop Model
      • Shell Model
      • Magic Numbers
      • Nucleons
      • Nuclides
      • Isotopes
      • Isotones
      • Isobars
      • Isomers
      • Chemical Properties
        • Electron Affinity
        • Electronegativity
        • Ionization Energy
        • Periodic Table
    • Atomic Structure
      • Atomic Number
      • Mass Number
      • Neutron Number
      • Chemical Elements
    • Nuclear Energy
    • Radiation
      • Alpha Radiation
      • Beta Radiation
      • Gamma Radiation
      • X-Rays
      • Neutrons
    • Nuclear Stability
    • Radioactive Decay
      • Alpha Decay
      • Beta Decay
      • Gamma Decay
      • Electron Capture
      • Internal Conversion
      • Neutron Decay
      • Proton Decay
      • Spontaneous Fission
      • Decay Chain
      • Radioactive Equilibrium
    • Interaction – Radiation
      • Interaction of Heavy Charged Particles
        • Alpha Particle
        • Fission Fragments
        • Stopping Power – Bethe Formula
        • Bragg Curve and Bragg Peak
      • Interaction of Beta Radiation with Matter
        • Beta Particle
        • Spectrum of Beta Particles
        • Bremsstrahlung
        • Cherenkov Radiation
        • Positron Interactions
      • Interaction of Gamma Radiation with Matter
        • Gamma Rays
        • Photoelectric Effect
        • Compton Scattering
        • Pair Production
        • Gamma Ray Attenuation
      • Interaction of Neutrons with Matter
      • Interaction of Antineutrino with Matter
      • Shielding of Ionizing Radiation
    • Nuclear Reactions
    • Binding Energy
    • Nuclear Fusion
  • Reactor Physics
    • Neutron Reactions
      • Direct Reactions
      • Compound Nucleus
      • Elastic Scattering
      • Inelastic Scattering
      • Neutron Absorption
      • Radiative Capture
      • Neutron Emission
      • Particle Ejection
    • Nuclear Fission
      • Basics of Nuclear Fission
      • Principles of Nuclear Fission
      • Nuclear Binding Energy
      • Fission vs Fusion
      • Critical Energy
      • Energy Release from Fission
      • Fission Fragments
      • Prompt Neutrons
      • Delayed Neutrons
      • Capture-to-fission Ratio
      • Fissionable Material
      • Fissile Material
      • Fertile Material
    • Neutron Cross-sections
      • Definition of Cross-section
      • Nuclear Radius
      • Microscopic Cross-section
      • Atomic Number Density
      • Macroscopic Cross-section
      • Mean Free Path
      • Doppler Broadening
      • Self-shielding
      • Neutron Flux
      • Neutron Fluence
      • Reaction Rate
      • Neutron Flux Spectra
    • Nuclear Chain Reaction
      • Four Factor Formula
      • Six Factor Formula
      • Fast Fission Factor
      • Fast Non-leakage Probability
      • Resonance Escape Probability
      • Thermal Non-leakage Probability
      • Thermal Utilization Factor
      • Reproduction Factor
      • Operational changes
      • Neutron Generation
      • Reactor Criticality
      • Reactivity
      • Reactivity Feedbacks
    • Diffusion Theory
      • Fick’s Law
      • Diffusion Coefficient
      • Neutron Balance
      • Diffusion Equation
      • Boundary Conditions
      • Diffusion Length
      • Nonmultiplying Systems
      • Multiplying Systems
      • Multigroup Method
      • Migration Length
      • Geometrical Buckling
      • Neutron Leakage
      • Reflected Reactor
      • Reactor Power
      • Numerical Solution
      • Conventional Reactor
    • Reactor Dynamics
      • Reactor Kinetics
      • Prompt vs Delayed
      • Point Kinetics Equations
      • Inhour Equation
      • Approximate Solutions
      • Experimental Methods
      • Inverse Kinetics – Reactimeter
      • Reactivity Feedbacks
      • Reactor Stability
      • Over vs Under-moderated
      • SCRAM – Reactor Trip
      • Subcritical Multiplication
      • Source Neutrons
    • Reactor Operation
      • Reactor Startup
        • Plant Heatup
        • Criticality Approach
        • Physics Tests
        • Synchronization of Generator
      • Reactor Control
        • Reactor Power Control
        • Power Plant Control
        • Pressure Control
        • Temperature Control
        • Axial Flux Difference
        • Power Tilt
        • Hot Channel Factors
        • Base Load
        • Load Following
      • Fuel Burnup
        • Units of Fuel Burnup
        • Fuel Depletion
        • Nuclear Transmutation
        • Excess Reactivity
        • Neutron Poisons
        • Reactor Slagging
        • High Burnup Fuel
      • Xenon 135
        • Differential Equations
        • Equilibrium Xenon
        • Xenon Transients
        • Iodine Pit
        • Spatial Xenon Oscillations
      • Samarium 149
      • Reactor Shutdown
      • Shutdown Margin
      • Residual Heat
      • Reactor Cooling
  • Engineering
    • Fluid Dynamics
      • Definition of Fluid
      • Continuity Equation
      • Bernoulli’s Equation
      • Momentum Formula
      • Navier-Stokes
      • Flow Regime
      • Reynolds Number
      • Laminar Flow
      • Turbulent Flow
      • Internal Flow
      • External Flow
      • Boundary Layer
      • Head Loss
      • Major Loss
      • Minor Loss
      • Drag
        • Friction Drag
        • Form Drag
        • Drag Coefficient
        • Drag Force
        • Example: Drag Force
      • Two-phase Flow
      • Centrifugal Pumps
    • Thermodynamics
      • Properties
        • Mass and Weight
        • Volume
        • Density
        • Pressure
        • Temperature
      • What is Energy
        • Energy Units
        • Forms of Energy
        • Mechanical Energy
        • Internal Energy
        • Enthalpy
        • Entropy
        • Nuclear Energy
        • Conservation of Energy
        • Mass-Energy Equivalence
        • Energy Sources
      • Laws
        • Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
        • First Law of Thermodynamics
        • Heat in Thermodynamics
        • Work in Thermodynamics
        • Second Law of Thermodynamics
        • Heat Engines
        • Thermal Efficiency
        • Third Law of Thermodynamics
      • Ideal Gas Law
        • What is Ideal Gas
        • Ideal Gas Model
        • Equation of State
        • Validity the Law
        • Joule’s Second Law
        • E = 3/2 NkT
        • Cv = 3/2R
        • Cp = Cv + R
        • Boyle-Mariotte Law
        • Charles’s Law
        • Guy-Lussac’s Law
        • Avogadro’s Law
      • Processes
        • Reversible Process
        • Irreversible Process
        • Cyclic Process
        • Isentropic Process
        • Adiabatic Process
        • Isothermal Process
        • Isobaric Process
        • Isochoric Process
        • Polytropic Process
        • Throttling Process
      • Cycles
        • Carnot Cycle
        • Otto Cycle
        • Atkinson Cycle
        • Diesel Cycle
        • Dual Cycle
        • Brayton Cycle
        • Ericsson Cycle
        • Rankine Cycle
        • Heating and Air Conditioning
      • Steam Tables
    • Heat Transfer
      • Introduction
        • Definition of Heat
        • Heat Flux
      • Characteristic Numbers
        • Reynolds Number
        • Prandtl Number
        • Nusselt Number
        • Grashof Number
        • Rayleigh Number
        • Péclet Number
        • Schmidt Number
        • Sherwood Number
        • Lewis Number
        • Eckert Number
      • Thermal Conduction
        • Thermal Conductivity
        • Fourier’s Law
        • Thermal Resistance
        • Heat Equation
        • Thermal Diffusivity
        • Problems with Solution
        • Critical Thickness
      • Convection
        • Mechanism on Convection
        • Boundary Layer
        • Newton’s Law of Cooling
        • Heat Transfer Coefficient
        • U-factor
        • Nusselt Number
        • External vs Internal
        • Laminar vs Turbulent
        • Dittus-Boelter Equation
        • Problem with Solution
        • Natural Convection
        • Natural Circulation
      • Boiling and Condensation
        • Boiling
        • Boiling Modes
        • Pool Boiling
        • Natural Convection Boiling
        • Nucleate Boiling
        • Transition Boiling
        • Film Boiling
        • Leidenfrost Effect
        • Subcooled Boiling
        • Saturated Boiling
        • Flow Boiling
        • Boiling Crisis
        • DNB
        • Dryout
        • Condensation
      • Radiation
        • Thermal Radiation
        • Emissivity
        • Absorptivity
        • Kirchhoff’s Law
        • Stefan–Boltzmann Law
        • Blackbody Radiation
        • Ultraviolet Catastrophe
        • Planck’s Law
        • Wien’s Law
      • Heat Exchangers
        • Types of Heat Exchangers
        • Heat Transfer Coefficient
        • LMTD
        • Example – Calculation of Heat Exchanger
      • Heat Generation
      • Energy Storage
      • Heat Losses
        • Thermal Insulation
        • Properties of Insulation
        • Insulation Materials
          • Glass Wool
          • Stone Wool
          • Expanded Polystyrene
          • Extruded Polystyrene
          • Polyurethane Foam
          • Polyisocyanurate Foam
          • Cellulose Insulation
          • Cork Insulation
          • Cotton Insulation
          • Aerogel
          • Vacuum Insulation Panels
        • Space Blanket
        • Building Insulation
          • Facade Insulation
          • Cavity Wall Insulation
          • Attic Insulation
    • Materials Science
      • Classification
      • Chemical Bonds
        • Ionic Bond
        • Metallic bond
        • Covalent bond
        • Hydrogen bond
      • Crystal Structures
        • Crystal Lattice
        • Body-centered Cubic
        • Face-centered Cubic
        • Hexagonal Close-packed
        • Packing Factor
        • Grain Structure
        • Polymorphism
      • Defects
        • Vacancy
        • Interstitial Defect
        • Substitutional Defect
        • Frenkel Defect
        • Dislocations
        • Planar Defects
      • Material Properties
        • Strength
        • Hooke’s law
        • Ductility
        • Malleability
        • Toughness
        • Brittleness
        • Resilience
        • Hardness
        • Creep
        • Thermal Properties
        • Electrical Properties
        • Magnetic Properties
      • Selected Materials
        • Water
        • Steam
        • Supercritical Fluid
        • Boron
        • Cadmium
        • Gadolinium
        • Liquid Metals
          • Sodium and NaK
          • Lead and Lead-bismuth Eutectic
    • Metals
      • Metallurgy
      • Alloys
        • Superalloys
        • Aluminium Alloys
        • Copper Alloys
        • Magnesium Alloys
        • Titanium Alloys
        • Lead Alloys
        • Nickel Alloys
        • Tin Alloys
        • Zinc Alloys
        • Zirconium Alloys
      • Steels
        • Pig Iron
        • Wrought Iron
        • Low-carbon Steel
        • Medium-carbon Steel
        • High-carbon Steel
        • Ultra-high-carbon Steel
        • Alloy Steels
        • Tool Steel
        • High-speed Steel
      • Stainless Steel
        • Austenitic Stainless Steel
        • Ferritic Stainless Steel
        • Martensitic Stainless Steel
        • Duplex Stainless Steel
        • PH Stainless Steel
      • Cast Irons
        • Gray Iron
        • White Iron
        • Malleable Iron
        • Ductile Iron
      • Metalworking
        • Hot Working
        • Cold Working
      • Heat Treatment
      • Metal Joining
    • Radiation Protection
      • Radioactivity
      • Units of Radioactivity
        • Curie
        • Becquerel
        • Rutherford
      • Decay Law
        • Decay Constant
        • Half-Life
      • Quantities and Units
      • Exposure
        • Roentgen – Unit
      • Kerma
      • Absorbed Dose
        • Gray – Unit
        • RAD – Unit
      • Equivalent Dose
        • Sievert – Unit
        • REM – Unit
      • Effective Dose
        • Committed Dose
        • Collective Dose
      • Biological Effects
        • Deterministic Effects
        • Stochastic Effects
        • LNT model
        • Radiation Hormesis
      • Protection
        • Dose Limits
        • Dose Monitoring
        • ALARA
        • Contamination
        • Internal Dose
      • Sources of Radiation
        • Natural Background
        • Cosmic Radiation
        • Terrestrial Radiation
        • Radon – Health Effects
        • Internal Radiation
        • Cosmogenic Radionuclides
        • Man-made Sources
        • Medical Exposures
        • Nuclear Fallout
        • Smoking Cigarettes
        • Electricity Generation
      • Fear of Radiation
    • Radiation Dosimetry
      • Radiation Dosimeter
      • Film Badge
      • TLD
      • Electronic Dosimeter
      • MOSFET Dosimeter
      • DIS Dosimeter
      • OSL Dosimeter
      • Self-Reading Dosimeters
      • Detectors in NPPs
        • Survey Meters
        • Hand & Shoe Monitor
        • Full-Body Monitor
        • Portal Monitor
        • Whole-Body Counter
        • Radiation Frisker
    • Radiation Detection
      • Detectors
        • Detection of Alpha
        • Detection of Beta
        • Detection of Gamma
        • Detection of X-Rays
        • Detection of Neutrons
        • Time of Flight
        • Dead Time
      • Gaseous Detectors
        • Detector Voltage
        • Ionization Chamber
        • Proportional Counter
        • Geiger Counter
      • Scintillation Counters
        • What is Scintillation
        • Inorganic Scintillators
        • NaI(Tl) scintillators
        • Organic Scintillators
        • Photomultiplier Tube
      • Semiconductors
        • Semiconductivity
        • Types of Semiconductors
        • Silicon Detectors
        • Germanium Detectors
        • HPGe Detectors
      • Gamma Spectroscopy
      • Cherenkov Detector
      • Calorimeter
      • Cloud Chamber
      • Self-Powered Detector
  • Search
Search
  • All Articles
  • —————
  • About
    • Advertise Here
    • Privacy Policy
    • Cookies Statement
    • Copyright Notice
    • Disclaimer
    • Sitemap
    • Contact Us
  • Nuclear Power Plant
    • History of NPPs
    • Nuclear Power Plant
      • Nuclear Island
      • Turbine Island
      • Containment Building
      • Spent Fuel Pool
      • Steam Generator
      • Pressurizer
      • Reactor Coolant Pump
    • Turbine Generator
      • Principle of Operation
      • Thermodynamics of Steam Turbines
      • Steam Turbines
        • How does it work
        • Impulse Turbine
        • Reaction Turbine
        • Condensing Turbine
        • Back-pressure Turbine
        • Reheat Turbine
        • Extraction Turbine
        • Turbine Blades
        • Governing of Steam Turbine
        • Turbine Trip
        • HP Turbine
        • LP Turbine
      • Main Condenser
      • Turbine Bypass System
      • Cooling System
      • Cooling Towers
      • Deaerator
      • Feedwater Heating System
      • Main Generator
    • Types of Reactors
      • Light Water Reactor
      • Pressurized Water Reactor
      • Boiling Water Reactor
      • Small Modular Reactor
      • Supercritical Water Reactor
      • Heavy Water Reactor
      • Advanced Gas Cooled Reactor
      • Fast Neutron Reactor
      • Thorium Reactor
    • Nuclear Reactor
      • Reactor Vessel
      • Core Barrel
      • Neutron Reflector
      • Instrumentation
        • Incore Instrumentation
        • Excore Instrumentation
        • Nitrogen-16 Power Monitoring
      • Volume of RCS
      • Reactor Criticality
      • Reactor Power
      • Power Distribution
      • Fuel Consumption
      • Ductile–brittle Transition Temperature
    • Reactor Core
    • Nuclear Fuel
      • Fuel Cycle
        • Once-through Cycle
        • Wait and See
        • Twice-through Cycle
        • Uranium Mining
        • Uranium Milling
        • Yellowcake
        • Uranium Conversion
        • Uranium Enrichment
      • Fuel Assembly
        • Fuel Pellets
        • Fuel Cladding
      • Uranium
      • Thorium
      • Conversion Factor
      • Fuel Loading Pattern
      • Burnable Absorbers
      • High Burnup Fuel
      • Temperature Profile
      • Pressure Drop
      • Hydraulic Lift Force
    • Spent Nuclear Fuel
      • Spent Fuel Management
      • Interim Storage
      • Dry Storage
      • Spent Fuel Cask
      • Wet Storage
    • Radioactive Waste
      • High-level Waste
      • Intermediate-level Waste
      • Low-level Waste
      • Final Disposal
      • Deep Geological Repository
    • Neutron Moderator
    • Control Rods
  • Nuclear Physics
    • Laws of Conservation
      • Conservation of Matter
      • Conservation of Energy
      • Conservation of Momentum
      • Conservation of Angular Momentum
      • Conservation of Electric Charge
      • Conservation of Lepton Number
      • Conservation of Baryon Number
      • Conservation of Isospin
      • Conservation of Parity
    • Fundamental Particles
      • Quarks
      • Leptons
      • Electron
      • Baryons
      • Hadrons
      • Proton
      • Neutron
      • Photon
      • The Standard Model
      • Antimatter
    • Fundamental Forces
      • Strong Interaction
      • Weak Interaction
      • Electromagnetic Interaction
      • Gravitational Interaction
    • Atomic Theory
      • Atomism – Atomos
      • Discovery of Electron
      • Thomson Model
      • Discovery of Nucleus
      • Rutherford Model
      • Bohr Model
      • Discovery of Proton
      • Pauli Principle
    • Atom
      • Electron Cloud
      • Atomic Nucleus
      • Liquid Drop Model
      • Shell Model
      • Magic Numbers
      • Nucleons
      • Nuclides
      • Isotopes
      • Isotones
      • Isobars
      • Isomers
      • Chemical Properties
        • Electron Affinity
        • Electronegativity
        • Ionization Energy
        • Periodic Table
    • Atomic Structure
      • Atomic Number
      • Mass Number
      • Neutron Number
      • Chemical Elements
    • Nuclear Energy
    • Radiation
      • Alpha Radiation
      • Beta Radiation
      • Gamma Radiation
      • X-Rays
      • Neutrons
    • Nuclear Stability
    • Radioactive Decay
      • Alpha Decay
      • Beta Decay
      • Gamma Decay
      • Electron Capture
      • Internal Conversion
      • Neutron Decay
      • Proton Decay
      • Spontaneous Fission
      • Decay Chain
      • Radioactive Equilibrium
    • Interaction – Radiation
      • Interaction of Heavy Charged Particles
        • Alpha Particle
        • Fission Fragments
        • Stopping Power – Bethe Formula
        • Bragg Curve and Bragg Peak
      • Interaction of Beta Radiation with Matter
        • Beta Particle
        • Spectrum of Beta Particles
        • Bremsstrahlung
        • Cherenkov Radiation
        • Positron Interactions
      • Interaction of Gamma Radiation with Matter
        • Gamma Rays
        • Photoelectric Effect
        • Compton Scattering
        • Pair Production
        • Gamma Ray Attenuation
      • Interaction of Neutrons with Matter
      • Interaction of Antineutrino with Matter
      • Shielding of Ionizing Radiation
    • Nuclear Reactions
    • Binding Energy
    • Nuclear Fusion
  • Reactor Physics
    • Neutron Reactions
      • Direct Reactions
      • Compound Nucleus
      • Elastic Scattering
      • Inelastic Scattering
      • Neutron Absorption
      • Radiative Capture
      • Neutron Emission
      • Particle Ejection
    • Nuclear Fission
      • Basics of Nuclear Fission
      • Principles of Nuclear Fission
      • Nuclear Binding Energy
      • Fission vs Fusion
      • Critical Energy
      • Energy Release from Fission
      • Fission Fragments
      • Prompt Neutrons
      • Delayed Neutrons
      • Capture-to-fission Ratio
      • Fissionable Material
      • Fissile Material
      • Fertile Material
    • Neutron Cross-sections
      • Definition of Cross-section
      • Nuclear Radius
      • Microscopic Cross-section
      • Atomic Number Density
      • Macroscopic Cross-section
      • Mean Free Path
      • Doppler Broadening
      • Self-shielding
      • Neutron Flux
      • Neutron Fluence
      • Reaction Rate
      • Neutron Flux Spectra
    • Nuclear Chain Reaction
      • Four Factor Formula
      • Six Factor Formula
      • Fast Fission Factor
      • Fast Non-leakage Probability
      • Resonance Escape Probability
      • Thermal Non-leakage Probability
      • Thermal Utilization Factor
      • Reproduction Factor
      • Operational changes
      • Neutron Generation
      • Reactor Criticality
      • Reactivity
      • Reactivity Feedbacks
    • Diffusion Theory
      • Fick’s Law
      • Diffusion Coefficient
      • Neutron Balance
      • Diffusion Equation
      • Boundary Conditions
      • Diffusion Length
      • Nonmultiplying Systems
      • Multiplying Systems
      • Multigroup Method
      • Migration Length
      • Geometrical Buckling
      • Neutron Leakage
      • Reflected Reactor
      • Reactor Power
      • Numerical Solution
      • Conventional Reactor
    • Reactor Dynamics
      • Reactor Kinetics
      • Prompt vs Delayed
      • Point Kinetics Equations
      • Inhour Equation
      • Approximate Solutions
      • Experimental Methods
      • Inverse Kinetics – Reactimeter
      • Reactivity Feedbacks
      • Reactor Stability
      • Over vs Under-moderated
      • SCRAM – Reactor Trip
      • Subcritical Multiplication
      • Source Neutrons
    • Reactor Operation
      • Reactor Startup
        • Plant Heatup
        • Criticality Approach
        • Physics Tests
        • Synchronization of Generator
      • Reactor Control
        • Reactor Power Control
        • Power Plant Control
        • Pressure Control
        • Temperature Control
        • Axial Flux Difference
        • Power Tilt
        • Hot Channel Factors
        • Base Load
        • Load Following
      • Fuel Burnup
        • Units of Fuel Burnup
        • Fuel Depletion
        • Nuclear Transmutation
        • Excess Reactivity
        • Neutron Poisons
        • Reactor Slagging
        • High Burnup Fuel
      • Xenon 135
        • Differential Equations
        • Equilibrium Xenon
        • Xenon Transients
        • Iodine Pit
        • Spatial Xenon Oscillations
      • Samarium 149
      • Reactor Shutdown
      • Shutdown Margin
      • Residual Heat
      • Reactor Cooling
  • Engineering
    • Fluid Dynamics
      • Definition of Fluid
      • Continuity Equation
      • Bernoulli’s Equation
      • Momentum Formula
      • Navier-Stokes
      • Flow Regime
      • Reynolds Number
      • Laminar Flow
      • Turbulent Flow
      • Internal Flow
      • External Flow
      • Boundary Layer
      • Head Loss
      • Major Loss
      • Minor Loss
      • Drag
        • Friction Drag
        • Form Drag
        • Drag Coefficient
        • Drag Force
        • Example: Drag Force
      • Two-phase Flow
      • Centrifugal Pumps
    • Thermodynamics
      • Properties
        • Mass and Weight
        • Volume
        • Density
        • Pressure
        • Temperature
      • What is Energy
        • Energy Units
        • Forms of Energy
        • Mechanical Energy
        • Internal Energy
        • Enthalpy
        • Entropy
        • Nuclear Energy
        • Conservation of Energy
        • Mass-Energy Equivalence
        • Energy Sources
      • Laws
        • Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
        • First Law of Thermodynamics
        • Heat in Thermodynamics
        • Work in Thermodynamics
        • Second Law of Thermodynamics
        • Heat Engines
        • Thermal Efficiency
        • Third Law of Thermodynamics
      • Ideal Gas Law
        • What is Ideal Gas
        • Ideal Gas Model
        • Equation of State
        • Validity the Law
        • Joule’s Second Law
        • E = 3/2 NkT
        • Cv = 3/2R
        • Cp = Cv + R
        • Boyle-Mariotte Law
        • Charles’s Law
        • Guy-Lussac’s Law
        • Avogadro’s Law
      • Processes
        • Reversible Process
        • Irreversible Process
        • Cyclic Process
        • Isentropic Process
        • Adiabatic Process
        • Isothermal Process
        • Isobaric Process
        • Isochoric Process
        • Polytropic Process
        • Throttling Process
      • Cycles
        • Carnot Cycle
        • Otto Cycle
        • Atkinson Cycle
        • Diesel Cycle
        • Dual Cycle
        • Brayton Cycle
        • Ericsson Cycle
        • Rankine Cycle
        • Heating and Air Conditioning
      • Steam Tables
    • Heat Transfer
      • Introduction
        • Definition of Heat
        • Heat Flux
      • Characteristic Numbers
        • Reynolds Number
        • Prandtl Number
        • Nusselt Number
        • Grashof Number
        • Rayleigh Number
        • Péclet Number
        • Schmidt Number
        • Sherwood Number
        • Lewis Number
        • Eckert Number
      • Thermal Conduction
        • Thermal Conductivity
        • Fourier’s Law
        • Thermal Resistance
        • Heat Equation
        • Thermal Diffusivity
        • Problems with Solution
        • Critical Thickness
      • Convection
        • Mechanism on Convection
        • Boundary Layer
        • Newton’s Law of Cooling
        • Heat Transfer Coefficient
        • U-factor
        • Nusselt Number
        • External vs Internal
        • Laminar vs Turbulent
        • Dittus-Boelter Equation
        • Problem with Solution
        • Natural Convection
        • Natural Circulation
      • Boiling and Condensation
        • Boiling
        • Boiling Modes
        • Pool Boiling
        • Natural Convection Boiling
        • Nucleate Boiling
        • Transition Boiling
        • Film Boiling
        • Leidenfrost Effect
        • Subcooled Boiling
        • Saturated Boiling
        • Flow Boiling
        • Boiling Crisis
        • DNB
        • Dryout
        • Condensation
      • Radiation
        • Thermal Radiation
        • Emissivity
        • Absorptivity
        • Kirchhoff’s Law
        • Stefan–Boltzmann Law
        • Blackbody Radiation
        • Ultraviolet Catastrophe
        • Planck’s Law
        • Wien’s Law
      • Heat Exchangers
        • Types of Heat Exchangers
        • Heat Transfer Coefficient
        • LMTD
        • Example – Calculation of Heat Exchanger
      • Heat Generation
      • Energy Storage
      • Heat Losses
        • Thermal Insulation
        • Properties of Insulation
        • Insulation Materials
          • Glass Wool
          • Stone Wool
          • Expanded Polystyrene
          • Extruded Polystyrene
          • Polyurethane Foam
          • Polyisocyanurate Foam
          • Cellulose Insulation
          • Cork Insulation
          • Cotton Insulation
          • Aerogel
          • Vacuum Insulation Panels
        • Space Blanket
        • Building Insulation
          • Facade Insulation
          • Cavity Wall Insulation
          • Attic Insulation
    • Materials Science
      • Classification
      • Chemical Bonds
        • Ionic Bond
        • Metallic bond
        • Covalent bond
        • Hydrogen bond
      • Crystal Structures
        • Crystal Lattice
        • Body-centered Cubic
        • Face-centered Cubic
        • Hexagonal Close-packed
        • Packing Factor
        • Grain Structure
        • Polymorphism
      • Defects
        • Vacancy
        • Interstitial Defect
        • Substitutional Defect
        • Frenkel Defect
        • Dislocations
        • Planar Defects
      • Material Properties
        • Strength
        • Hooke’s law
        • Ductility
        • Malleability
        • Toughness
        • Brittleness
        • Resilience
        • Hardness
        • Creep
        • Thermal Properties
        • Electrical Properties
        • Magnetic Properties
      • Selected Materials
        • Water
        • Steam
        • Supercritical Fluid
        • Boron
        • Cadmium
        • Gadolinium
        • Liquid Metals
          • Sodium and NaK
          • Lead and Lead-bismuth Eutectic
    • Metals
      • Metallurgy
      • Alloys
        • Superalloys
        • Aluminium Alloys
        • Copper Alloys
        • Magnesium Alloys
        • Titanium Alloys
        • Lead Alloys
        • Nickel Alloys
        • Tin Alloys
        • Zinc Alloys
        • Zirconium Alloys
      • Steels
        • Pig Iron
        • Wrought Iron
        • Low-carbon Steel
        • Medium-carbon Steel
        • High-carbon Steel
        • Ultra-high-carbon Steel
        • Alloy Steels
        • Tool Steel
        • High-speed Steel
      • Stainless Steel
        • Austenitic Stainless Steel
        • Ferritic Stainless Steel
        • Martensitic Stainless Steel
        • Duplex Stainless Steel
        • PH Stainless Steel
      • Cast Irons
        • Gray Iron
        • White Iron
        • Malleable Iron
        • Ductile Iron
      • Metalworking
        • Hot Working
        • Cold Working
      • Heat Treatment
      • Metal Joining
    • Radiation Protection
      • Radioactivity
      • Units of Radioactivity
        • Curie
        • Becquerel
        • Rutherford
      • Decay Law
        • Decay Constant
        • Half-Life
      • Quantities and Units
      • Exposure
        • Roentgen – Unit
      • Kerma
      • Absorbed Dose
        • Gray – Unit
        • RAD – Unit
      • Equivalent Dose
        • Sievert – Unit
        • REM – Unit
      • Effective Dose
        • Committed Dose
        • Collective Dose
      • Biological Effects
        • Deterministic Effects
        • Stochastic Effects
        • LNT model
        • Radiation Hormesis
      • Protection
        • Dose Limits
        • Dose Monitoring
        • ALARA
        • Contamination
        • Internal Dose
      • Sources of Radiation
        • Natural Background
        • Cosmic Radiation
        • Terrestrial Radiation
        • Radon – Health Effects
        • Internal Radiation
        • Cosmogenic Radionuclides
        • Man-made Sources
        • Medical Exposures
        • Nuclear Fallout
        • Smoking Cigarettes
        • Electricity Generation
      • Fear of Radiation
    • Radiation Dosimetry
      • Radiation Dosimeter
      • Film Badge
      • TLD
      • Electronic Dosimeter
      • MOSFET Dosimeter
      • DIS Dosimeter
      • OSL Dosimeter
      • Self-Reading Dosimeters
      • Detectors in NPPs
        • Survey Meters
        • Hand & Shoe Monitor
        • Full-Body Monitor
        • Portal Monitor
        • Whole-Body Counter
        • Radiation Frisker
    • Radiation Detection
      • Detectors
        • Detection of Alpha
        • Detection of Beta
        • Detection of Gamma
        • Detection of X-Rays
        • Detection of Neutrons
        • Time of Flight
        • Dead Time
      • Gaseous Detectors
        • Detector Voltage
        • Ionization Chamber
        • Proportional Counter
        • Geiger Counter
      • Scintillation Counters
        • What is Scintillation
        • Inorganic Scintillators
        • NaI(Tl) scintillators
        • Organic Scintillators
        • Photomultiplier Tube
      • Semiconductors
        • Semiconductivity
        • Types of Semiconductors
        • Silicon Detectors
        • Germanium Detectors
        • HPGe Detectors
      • Gamma Spectroscopy
      • Cherenkov Detector
      • Calorimeter
      • Cloud Chamber
      • Self-Powered Detector
  • Search

Glossary

Reactor Physics

  • Doppler broadening
  • neutron cross-section

See above:

Homepage

Support us – give us a like

nuclear power plant

Related Articles:

  • AA – Test
  • Advertise Here
  • Bell Metal – High-tin Bronze
  • Laws of Conservation
  • Nuclear Engineering
  • Nuclear Power
  • Nuclear Power for Everybody
  • Reactor Dynamics – Quiz – Test your Knowledge
  • Sitemap – Nuclear Power
  • About
  • Nuclear Power Plant

RSS World Nuclear News

  • Ukraine confirms no change to radiation levels from forest fire
  • Russia's NCCP to supply Egyptian research reactor
  • Energy vital for coronavirus response and recovery, says IEA

Recommended Articles

Small Modular Reactors

Reactor Stability

Boiling Crisis

Temperature Profile – Nuclear Fuel

Xenon Oscillations

Fear of Radiation - Is it Rational?

About

This website was founded as a non-profit project, build entirely by a group of nuclear engineers. Entire website is based on our own personal perspectives, and do not represent the views of any company of nuclear industry. Main purpose of this project is to help the public learn some interesting and important information about the peaceful uses of nuclear energy.

Contact us:

If you want to get in touch with us, please do not hesitate to contact us via e-mail:

info@nuclear-power.net

Editorial note

The information contained in this website is for general information purposes only. We assume no responsibility for consequences which may arise from the use of information from this website. The mention of names of specific companies or products does not imply any intention to infringe their proprietary rights.

This website does not use any proprietary data. When we use data that are related to certain product, we use only data released by public relations departments and allowed for use.

Privacy Policy

Our Website follows all legal requirements to protect your privacy. Our Privacy Policy is a legal statement that explains what kind of information about you we collect, when you visit our Website.

Visit our Privacy Policy page.

The Cookies Statement is part of our Privacy Policy. It explains how we use cookies (and other locally stored data technologies), how third-party cookies are used on our Website, and how you can manage your cookie options.

Copyright Notice

Its simple:

1) You may use almost everything for non-commercial and educational use.

2) You may not distribute or commercially exploit the content, especially on another website.

See: Copyright Notice

Copyright 2020 Nuclear Power for Everybody | All Rights Reserved | Powered by WordPress | Reactor Physics | Personal Dosimeter | Thermal Engineering
Scroll back to top