Neutron Flux Density
In the section the neutron cross-section, it was determined the probability of a neutron undergoing a specific neutron-nuclear reaction. It was determined the mean free path of neutrons in the material under specific conditions. These parameters influences the criticality of the reactor core. In other words, we do not know anything about the power level of the reactor core. If we want to know the reaction rate or thermal power of the reactor core, it is necessary to know how many neutrons are traveling through the material.
It is convenient to consider the neutron density, that is the number of neutrons existing in one cubic centimeter. The neutron density is represented by the symbol n with units of neutrons/cm3. In reactor physics, the neutron flux is more likely used, because it expresses better the total path length covered by all neutrons. The total distance these neutrons can travel each second is determined by their velocity and therefore the neutron flux density value is calculated as the neutron density (n) multiplied by neutron velocity (v).
Ф = n.v
where:
Ф – neutron flux (neutrons.cm-2.s-1)
n – neutron density (neutrons.cm-3)
v – neutron velocity (cm.s-1)

The connection to the reaction rate, respectively the reactor power, is obvious. Knowledge of the neutron flux (the total path length of all the neutrons in a cubic centimeter in a second) and the macroscopic cross sections (the probability of having an interaction per centimeter path length) allows us to compute the rate of interactions (e.g. rate of fission reactions). The reaction rate (the number of interactions taking place in that cubic centimeter in one second) is then given by multiplying them together:
where:
Ф – neutron flux (neutrons.cm-2.s-1)
σ – microscopic cross section (cm2)
N – atomic number density (atoms.cm-3)
We have to distinguish between the neutron flux and the neutron intensity. Although both physical quantities have the same units, namely, neutrons.cm-2.s-1, their physical interpretations are different. In contrast to the neutron flux, the neutron intensity is the number of neutrons crossing through some arbitrary cross-sectional unit area in a single direction per unit time (a surface is perpendicular to the direction of the beam). The neutron intensity is a vector quantity.
Neutron Flux – Uranium vs. MOX
Note that, there is a difference between neutron fluxes in the uranium fueled core and the MOX fueled core. The average neutron flux in the first example, in which the neutron flux in a uranium loaded reactor core was calculated, was 3.11 x 1013 neutrons.cm-2.s-1. In comparison with this value, the average neutron flux in 100% MOX fueled core is about 2.6 times lower (1.2 x 1013 neutrons.cm-2.s-1), while the reaction rate remains almost the same. This fact is of importance in the reactor core design and in the design of reactivity control. It is primarily caused by:
- higher fission cross-section of 239Pu. The fission cross-section is about 750 barns in comparison with 585 barns for 235U.
- higher energy release per one fission event. In order to generate the same amount energy a MOX core do not require such the neutron flux as a uranium fueled core.
- larger fissile loading. The main reason is in the larger fissile loading. In MOX fuels, there is relatively high buildup of 240Pu and 242Pu. Due to the relatively lower fission-to-capture ratio, there is higher accumulation of these isotopes, which are parasitic absorbers and that results in a reactivity penalty. In general, the average regeneration factor η is lower for 239Pu fuel than for 235U fuel. Therefore the MOX fuel requires a larger fissile loading to achieve the same initial excess of reactivity at the beginning of the fuel cycle.
The relatively lower average neutron flux is MOX cores has following consequences on reactor core design:
- Because of the lower neutron flux and the larger thermal absorption cross section for 239Pu, reactivity worth of control rods, chemical shim (PWRs) and burnable absorbers is less with MOX fuel.
- The high fission cross-section of 239Pu and the lower neutron flux lead to greater power peaking in fuel rods that are located near water gaps or when MOX fuel is loaded with uranium fuel together.
Neutron Flux and Fuel Burnup
In a power reactor over a relatively short period of time (days or weeks), the atomic number density of the fuel atoms remains relatively constant. Therefore in this short period, also the average neutron flux remains constant, when reactor is operated at a constant power level. On the other hand, the atomic number densities of fissile isotopes over a period of months decrease due to the fuel burnup and therefore also the macroscopic cross-sections decrease. This results is slow increase in the neutron flux in order to keep the desired power level.