Pages
- AA – Test
- About
- Advertise Here
- Glossary
- Average Logarithmic Energy Decrement
- Boron 10
- Cadmium
- Conservation of momentum and kinetic energy
- Distinction between Fissionable, Fissile and Fertile
- Doppler Broadening – Doppler Effect
- Fertile Material
- Fissile Material
- Fissionable Material
- Gadolinium
- Macroscopic Slowing Down Power – MSDP
- Moderating Ratio – MR
- Nuclear Breeding
- Primordial Matter
- Tritium
- Laws of Conservation
- Conservation Laws in Nuclear Reactions
- Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum
- Law of Conservation of Baryon Number
- Law of Conservation of Electric Charge
- Law of Conservation of Energy
- Ballistic Pendulum – Inelastic Collision
- Combustion of Hydrogen
- Conservation of Energy – Formula – Equation
- Conservation of Energy in Chemical Reactions
- Conservation of Energy in Electrical Circuits
- Conservation of Energy in Fluid Mechanics – Bernoulli’s Principle
- Conservation of Energy in Nuclear Reactions
- Conservation of Energy in Thermodynamics – The First Law of Thermodynamics
- Conservation of Mass-Energy – Mass-Energy Equivalence
- Conservation of Mechanical Energy
- Conservation of Momentum and Energy
- Conservation of Momentum and Energy in Collisions
- Conservative – Nonconservative Forces
- Definition of Total Mechanical Energy – What is
- Elastic Collisions
- Elastic Nuclear Collision
- Energy can neither be created nor destroyed
- Energy Conservation in Nuclear Fission
- Example of Conservation of Mechanical Energy – Pendulum
- Inelastic Collision
- Law of Conservation of Energy – Example
- Open System – Closed System – Isolated System
- What is Kirchhoff’s voltage law – KVL
- What is the Law of Conservation of Energy – Definition
- Law of Conservation of Isospin
- Law of Conservation of Lepton Number
- Law of Conservation of Matter
- Law of Conservation of Momentum
- Law of Conservation of Parity
- Nuclear Engineering
- Fluid Dynamics
- Bernoulli’s Equation – Bernoulli’s Principle
- Bernoulli’s Theorem
- Bernoulli’s Effect – Relation between Pressure and Velocity
- Bernoulli’s Principle – Examples
- Derivation of Bernoulli’s Equation
- Elevation Head
- Extended Bernoulli’s Equation
- Head Loss – Pressure Loss
- Hydraulic Head
- Lift Force
- Pressure Head
- Spinning ball in an airflow – Bernoulli’s Effect
- Torricelli’s Law
- Velocity Head
- Boundary Layer
- Centrifugal Pumps
- Best Efficiency Point – BEP
- Brake Horsepower
- Casing – Volute
- Cavitation in Centrifugal Pumps
- How does centrifugal pump work
- Impeller – Types of Impellers
- Main Parts of a Centrifugal Pump
- Major Failure Modes of Centrifugal Pumps
- Net Positive Suction Head
- Operating Characteristics of a Hydraulic Loop
- Parallel Operation of Centrifugal Pumps
- Performance Characteristics of Centrifugal Pumps
- Pump Efficiency
- Pump Head – Performance Curve of Centrifugal Pump
- Pump Head Calculation – Pump Performance Calculation
- Pump Theory – Eulers Turbomachine Equations
- Runout Flow – Centrifugal Pump
- Series Operation of Centrifugal Pumps
- Shut-off Head
- System Head
- The Affinity Laws – Pump Laws
- Conservation of Momentum in Fluid Dynamics
- Continuity Equation
- Control Volume – Control Volume Analysis
- Definition of Fluid
- External Flow
- Flow Regime
- Internal Flow
- Laminar Flow – Viscous Flow
- Major Head Loss – Friction Loss
- Minor Head Loss – Local Losses
- Navier-Stokes Equations
- Reynolds Number
- Turbulent Flow
- Two-phase Fluid Flow
- Annular Flow – Two-phase Flow
- Bubbly Flow – Two-phase Flow
- Characteristics of Two-phase Flow
- Churn Flow – Froth Flow
- Flow Instability
- Flow Patterns – Two-phase Flow
- Mist Flow
- Mixture Density – Two-phase Flow
- Multiphase Fluid Flow
- Plug Flow – Slug Flow
- Slip Ratio – Velocity Ratio
- Static Quality – Flow Quality
- Stratified Flow – Two-phase Flow
- Superficial Velocity – Two-phase Flow
- Two-phase Pressure Drop
- Void Fraction – Two-phase Flow
- What is Drag – Air and Fluid Resistance
- Bernoulli’s Equation – Bernoulli’s Principle
- Heat Transfer
- Advection – Heat Transport
- Application of Heat Transfer – Engineering
- Boiling and Condensation
- Boiling – Boiling Characteristics
- Boiling Crisis – Critical Heat Flux
- Boiling Heat Transfer
- Boiling in Nuclear Reactor
- Boiling Modes – Types of Boiling
- Boiling water – How to boil water
- Condensation – Heat Transfer
- Condensation Modes – Types of Condensation
- Direct contact condensation
- DNB – Departure from Nucleate Boiling
- Dropwise condensation
- Dryout – Critical Power Ratio
- Film Condensation
- Flow Boiling – Forced Convection Boiling
- Latent Heat of Condensation – Enthalpy of Condensation
- Leidenfrost Effect – Leidenfrost Point
- McAdams – Thom – Chen’s Correlation – Nucleate Boiling
- Minimum Heat Flux – Quenching – Departure from Film Boiling
- Natural Convection Boiling – Onset of Nucleate Boiling
- Nucleate Boiling
- Nucleate Boiling Correlations – Rohsenow Correlation
- Pool Boiling – Boiling Curve
- Saturated Boiling – Bulk Boiling
- Subcooled Boiling
- Transition Boiling – Partial Film Boiling
- Conduction – Convection – Radiation
- Convection – Convective Heat Transfer
- Convection vs Conduction
- Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
- Dittus-Boelter Equation
- Example – Convection – Problem with Solution
- External vs Internal – Nusselt Number
- Forced Convection
- Gnielinski Equation
- Laminar vs Turbulent – Nusselt Number
- Mechanism on Convection – Characteristics
- Natural Convection – Free Convection
- Newton’s Law of Cooling
- Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient – U-factor
- Sieder-Tate Equation
- What is Convection – Definition of Convection
- Heat Absorption
- Heat Exchangers
- Double Pipe Heat Exchangers
- Example – Calculation of Heat Exchanger
- Fouling – Fouling Factor
- Heat Exchanger – Heat Transfer Coefficient – U-Factor
- Heat Exchanger Analysis – Performance Calculation
- Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference – LMTD
- NTU Effectiveness Method
- Parallel-flow and Counter-flow Heat Exchanger
- Pinch Point – Heat Exchanger
- Plate Heat Exchanger
- Recuperator – Heat Exchanger
- Regenerative Heat Exchanger
- Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
- Types of Heat Exchangers – Classification of Heat Exchangers
- Heat Generation
- Heat Losses
- Applications of Thermal Insulators
- Building Insulation – Home Insulation
- Heat Loss through a Wall
- Heat Losses through Clothing
- How Emergency Thermal Blanket Works
- Insulation Materials – Types of Insulation
- Aerogel
- Cellulose Insulation – Paper Wool
- Cork Insulation
- Cotton Insulation
- Example – Aerogel Insulation Calculation
- Example – Cellulose Insulation Calculation
- Example – Cork Insulation Calculation
- Example – Cotton Insulation Calculation
- Example – Expanded Polystyrene Insulation Calculation
- Example – Extruded Polystyrene Insulation Calculation
- Example – Foam Glass Calculation
- Example – Glass Wool Insulation Calculation
- Example – Polyisocyanurate Foam Insulation Calculation
- Example – Polyurethane Foam Insulation Calculation
- Example – Stone Wool Insulation Calculation
- Example – Vacuum Insulation Panels Calculation
- Expanded Polystyrene – EPS
- Extruded Polystyrene – XPS
- Fiberglass Insulation
- Foam Glass – Cellular Glass
- Glass Wool
- Inorganic Insulation Materials
- Organic Insulation Materials
- Polyisocyanurate Foam
- Polyurethane Foam
- Stone Wool – Rock Wool
- Thermal Conductivity of Aerogel
- Thermal Conductivity of Cellulose Insulation
- Thermal Conductivity of Cork Insulation
- Thermal Conductivity of Cotton Insulation
- Thermal Conductivity of Expanded Polystyrene
- Thermal Conductivity of Extruded Polystyrene
- Thermal Conductivity of Foam Glass
- Thermal Conductivity of Glass Wool
- Thermal Conductivity of Polyisocyanurate Foam
- Thermal Conductivity of Polyurethane Foam
- Thermal Conductivity of Stone Wool
- Thermal Conductivity of Vacuum Panels
- Vacuum Insulation Panels
- Properties of Insulation Materials
- Space Blanket – Emergency Thermal Blanket
- Thermal Insulation – Thermal Insulator
- Introduction to Heat Transfer
- Radiation Heat Transfer
- Absorptivity – Absorptance
- Blackbody Radiation
- Emissivity – Emissivity of Materials
- Kirchhoff’s Law of Thermal Radiation
- Planck’s Law – Planck’s Hypothesis
- Stefan–Boltzmann Law – Stefan-Boltzmann Constant
- Thermal Radiation – Radiant Heat
- Ultraviolet Catastrophe – Rayleigh-Jeans Catastrophe
- What is Blackbody – Definition of Blackbody
- Wien’s Displacement Law
- Thermal Conduction – Heat Conduction
- Critical Thickness of Insulation – Critical Radius
- Fourier’s Law of Thermal Conduction
- Heat Equation – Heat Conduction Equation
- Adiabatic Boundary – Thermal Symmetry
- Boundary and Initial Conditions
- Conduction with Heat Generation
- Convection Boundary Condition
- Dirichlet Boundary Condition – Type I Boundary Condition
- Example of Heat Equation – Problem with Solution
- Fourier-Biot equation
- Heat Conduction in a Fuel Rod
- Heat Conduction in a Large Plane Wall
- Heat Equation in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates
- Interface Boundary Condition
- Neumann Boundary Condition – Type II Boundary Condition
- Poisson’s equation – Steady-state Heat Transfer
- Temperature distribution in Fuel Cladding
- Thermal Diffusivity
- Thermal Conductivity
- Thermal Conductivity Formula – Equation
- Thermal Conductivity of Fluids – Gases and Liquids
- Thermal Conductivity of Glass
- Thermal Conductivity of Helium
- Thermal Conductivity of Materials and Chemical Elements
- Thermal Conductivity of Sodium
- Thermal Conductivity of Solids and Metals
- Thermal Conductivity of Uranium Dioxide
- Thermal Conductivity of Water and Steam
- Thermal Conductivity of Zirconium
- Units of Thermal Conductivity
- What is Phonon – Definition
- What is Thermal Conductivity – Definition
- Wiedemann–Franz Law – Lorenz Number
- Thermal Resistance – Thermal Resistivity
- Thermal Energy Storage
- Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
- Materials for Nuclear Engineering
- Liquid Metals
- Properties of Steam – What is Steam
- Properties of Water
- Materials Science
- Atomic and Chemical Bond
- Classification of Materials
- Crystal Structures
- Amorphous Solids – Non-crystalline Materials
- Atomic Packing Factor – APF
- Body-centered Cubic – bcc Structure
- Crystal Lattice
- Crystalline Solids – Crystalline Materials
- Face-centered Cubic – fcc Structure
- Grain Boundaries – Grain Size
- Grain Structure – Grains in Crystalline Materials
- Grains Orientation
- Hexagonal Close-packed – hcp Structure
- Polycrystalline Structure – Polycrystalline Materials
- Polymorphism and Allotropy
- Crystallographic Defects
- Bulk Defects – Volume Defects
- Classification of Crystallographic Defects – Types
- Edge Dislocation – Crystallographic Defects
- Frenkel Defect – Frenkel Pair
- Hume–Rothery Rules – Substitutional Solid Solutions
- Interstitial Defect – Crystallographic Defects
- Line Defects – Dislocations
- Microscopic Defects and Macroscopic Defects in Crystalline Materials
- Planar Defects – Interfacial Defects
- Point Defects – Crystallographic Defects
- Screw Dislocation – Crystallographic Defects
- Solid Solution – Materials
- Substitutional Defect – Crystallographic Defects
- Twinning – Twin Boundaries – Crystallographic Defects
- Vacancy – Crystallographic Defects
- Material Properties
- Brittleness
- Creep – Material Creep
- Ductility
- Electrical Properties of Materials
- Hardness
- Brinell Hardness Number – Brinell Scale
- Brinell Hardness Test
- Hardness and Tensile Strength
- Indentation hardness
- Knoop Hardness Test – Knoop Hardness Number
- Measuring Hardness – Indentation Tests
- Mohs Scale – Scratch Hardness
- Rebound Hardness
- Rockwell Hardness Number – Rockwell Scale
- Rockwell Hardness Test
- Types of Hardness – Materials
- Units of Hardness – Hardness Numbers
- Vickers Hardness Test – Vickers Hardness Number
- Magnetic Properties of Materials
- Antiferromagnetic Material – Antiferromagnetism
- Curie Temperature – Ferromagnetism
- Diamagnetic Material – Diamagnetism
- Ferrimagnetic Material – Ferrimagnetism
- Ferromagnetic Material – Ferromagnetism
- Magnetic Susceptibility – Magnetization
- Magnetism in Physics
- Néel Temperature – Antiferromagnetism
- Paramagnetic Material – Paramagnetism
- Permeability – Relative Permeability
- Permeability of Vacuum – Magnetic Constant
- Types of Magnetism
- Malleability
- Mechanical Properties of Materials
- Resilience
- Strength
- Compressive Stress – Materials
- Concept of Stress and Strain – Stress-strain Model
- Deformation
- Fatigue Stress – Mechanics
- Flow Stress – Materials
- Hooke’s law
- Normal strain and Shear Strain
- Pressure Stress – Materials
- Residual Stress – Materials
- Shear Stress – Materials
- Strain
- Strain Hardening
- Stress-strain Curve – Stress-strain Diagram
- Tensile Stress – Materials
- Thermal Stress – Materials
- Types of Stress in Materials
- Unit of Strength of Materials
- Units of Stress and Strain
- What is Stress in Materials Science
- Thermal Properties of Materials
- Toughness
- What is Material – Definition of Materials
- Radiation Detection
- Calorimeter
- Cherenkov Detector
- Cloud Chamber
- Detectors of Ionization Radiation
- Classification of Radiation Detectors – Types of Radiation Detectors
- Counts per Second – CPS
- Dead Time of Detectors
- Detection of Alpha Radiation – Alpha Particle Detector
- Detection of Beta Radiation – Beta Particle Detector
- Detection of Directly Ionizing Radiation
- Detection of Gamma Radiation – Detector of Gamma Rays
- Detection of Indirectly Ionizing Radiation
- Detection of X-Rays – Detector of X-Rays
- Discrimination in radiation detection
- Principles of Detectors – Methods of Detection
- Signal-to-Noise Ratio
- Gamma Spectroscopy
- Cobalt-60 Spectrum
- Gamma Ray Spectrometer – Gamma Ray Spectroscope
- Gamma Ray Spectrum – Structure – Features
- Spectroscopy – Spectrometry – Difference – Distinction
- Spectroscopy using Germanium Semiconductor – HPGe
- Spectroscopy using Scintillation Counter
- What is Annihilation Peak – Spectrum
- What is Backscatter Peak – Spectrum
- What is Coincidence Peak – Spectrum
- What is Compton Continuum – Compton Plateau – Spectrum
- What is Photopeak – Spectrum
- What is X-Ray Peak – Spectrum
- Gaseous Ionization Detector – Gas-Filled Detector
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Gaseous Ionization Detectors
- Gaseous Detectors vs Scintillation Detectors
- Gaseous Detectors vs Semiconductor Detectors
- Geiger Counter – Geiger-Mueller Detector
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Geiger-Mueller Counters
- Applications of Geiger Counters
- Basic Principle of Geiger Counters – Description
- Detection of Alpha, Beta and Gamma Radiation using Geiger-Mueller Counter
- Detection of Neutrons using Geiger Counter
- End-Window and Windowless type of Geiger Counter
- Geiger-Müller tube – Geiger Chamber
- Quenching – Dead Time – Geiger Counters
- Thick-Walled and Thin-Walled Geiger Tube
- Geiger Counter vs Ionization Chamber
- Geiger Counter vs Proportional Counter
- Ionization Chamber – Ion Chamber
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Ionization Chambers
- Applications of Ionization Chambers
- Basic Principle of Ionization Chambers – Description
- Detection of Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Neutron Radiation using Ionization Chamber
- High-pressure Ionization Chamber – Gamma Survey Meter
- Ionization Smoke Detector – Principle of Operation
- Ionization Chamber vs Proportional Counter
- Operating Regions of Ionizing Detectors – Detector Voltage
- Principle and Description of Gaseous Ionization Detectors
- Proportional Counter – Proportional Detector
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Proportional Counters
- Application of Proportional Counters
- Basic Principle of Proportional Counters – Description
- Detection of Alpha, Beta and Gamma Radiation using Proportional Counter
- Detection of Neutrons using Proportional Counter
- Gas Amplification Factor – Gas Amplification Curve
- Multi-wire Proportional Chamber – MWPC
- Proportional Chamber – Gas Mixtures
- Proportional Counter vs Scintillation Detector
- Quenching – Proportional Counters
- Spectroscopy using Proportional Counters
- Measurement of Radiation
- Scintillation Counter – Scintillation Detector
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Scintillation Counters
- Applications of Scintillation Counters
- Components of Photomultiplier Tube
- CsI(Tl) scintillators
- Detection of Alpha, Beta and Gamma Radiation using Scintillation Counter
- Detection of Neutrons using Scintillation Counter
- Inorganic Scintillation Phosphors
- Inorganic Scintillators – Scintillation Crystals
- NaI(Tl) Scintillation Counter
- NaI(Tl) scintillators
- Organic Scintillators
- Phosphors – Scintillation Detectors – What is Phosphor
- Photocathode and Dynodes in Photomultiplier Tube
- Photodiodes – Scintillation Counter
- Photomultiplier Tube – PMT
- Photomultiplier Tube – Principle of Operation – Description
- Plastic Scintillators – Liquid Scintillators – Pure Crystals
- Quantum Efficiency of Photomultiplier Tube
- Scintillation Counter – Principle of Operation
- Scintillation Detectors vs Germanium Detectors
- Scintillation Detectors vs Semiconductor Detectors
- Scintillation Materials – Types of Scintillators
- What is Scintillation
- Semiconductor Detectors
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Semiconductor Detectors
- Germanium-based Semiconductor Detectors
- High Purity Germanium Detectors – HPGe
- Ionization Chamber vs Semiconductor Detector
- Principle of Operation of Semiconductor Detectors
- Silicon-based Semiconductor Detectors
- Types of Semiconductors
- CdTe and CdZnTe as Semiconductor – Properties
- Degenerate Semiconductors
- Diamond as Semiconductor – Properties
- Doping of Semiconductors
- Electron Donor and Electron Acceptor
- Extrinsic Semiconductors – Doped Semiconductors
- Germanium as Semiconductor – Properties
- Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductor
- Intrinsic Semiconductor – Pure Semiconductor
- Majority and Minority Charge Carriers
- n-type and p-type Semiconductor
- n-type Semiconductors
- p-type Semiconductors
- Semiconductor Materials – Pure and Doped Semiconductor
- Silicon as Semiconductor – Properties
- The P-N Junction – Reverse Biased Junction
- What is Acceptor in Semiconductors – Acceptor Level
- What is Donor in Semiconductors – Donor Level
- What is Dopant in Semiconductors
- What are Semiconductors – Properties of Semiconductors
- Spectroscopy
- Time of Flight – TOF Detector
- Radiation Dosimetry
- Environmental Dosimetry
- External Dosimetry
- Internal Dosimetry
- Medical Dosimetry
- Personal Dosimetry
- Radiation Dosimeter
- Active Dosimeters – Passive Dosimeters
- Characteristics of Dosimeters – Key Features
- DIS Dosimeter – Direct-ion Storage Dosimeter
- Dosimetry in Nuclear Power Plants
- EPD – Electronic Personal Dosimeter
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Electronic Personal Dosimeters
- Characteristics of EPDs – Principle of Operation
- Direct Reading Dosimeter
- DMC 3000 – Dosimeter
- EPD – Electronic Personal Dosimeter vs DIS Dosimeter
- EPD – Electronic Personal Dosimeter vs Film Badge Dosimeter
- EPD – Electronic Personal Dosimeter vs Thermoluminescent Dosimeter – TLD
- PIN Dosimeter
- Types of EPDs – Electronic Personal Dosimeters
- Film Badge Dosimeter – Film Dosimeter
- MOSFET Dosimeter
- OSL Dosimetry – Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeter
- Personal Dosimeter
- Self-Reading Dosimeters
- Thermoluminescent Dosimeter – TLD
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Thermoluminescent Dosimeter
- LiF crystal – Lithium Fluoride TLD
- Neutron Thermoluminescent Dosimeter – Neutron TLD
- Thermoluminescent Albedo Neutron Dosimeter
- Thermoluminescent Dosimeter – TLD vs Film Badge Dosimeter
- Thermoluminescent Dosimeter – TLD vs OSL Dosimeter
- Thermoluminescent Materials – Types
- TLD – Principle of Operation
- TLD Reader – Glow Curve
- What is Thermoluminescence – Definition
- Types of Radiation Dosimeters
- Radiation Protection
- Absorbed Dose
- Absorbed Dose – Formula – Equation
- Absorbed Dose Rate
- Calculation of Absorbed Dose – Problem
- Examples of Absorbed Dose – Ranges
- gray – unit – Examples and Calculation
- Gray – Unit of Radiation Dose
- RAD – Gray – Conversion – Units
- RAD – Radiation Absorbed Dose
- rad – unit – Examples and Calculation
- Units of Absorbed Dose
- Effective Dose
- Equivalent Dose
- Calculation of Equivalent Dose – Problem
- Committed Equivalent Dose
- Conversion – Absorbed to Equivalent Dose
- Equivalent Dose – Formula – Equation
- Equivalent Dose Rate
- Examples of Equivalent Doses – Range
- Quality Factor – Radiation
- Radiation Weighting Factor
- Roentgen Equivalent Man – rem – Unit
- Sievert – Unit of Equivalent Dose
- Units of Equivalent Dose
- External Exposure – External Contamination
- Fear of Radiation – Is it rational?
- Internal Exposure – Internal Contamination
- Kerma – Radiation
- Kerma vs Absorbed Dose
- Protection from Exposures
- ALARA
- Dose Limits – Radiation
- Internal Dose Uptake
- Radiation Dose Measuring and Monitoring – Operational Quantities
- Radioactive Contamination
- Airborne Contamination – Particulates – Noble gases – Radioiodine
- Chemical and Mechanical Decontamination
- Decontamination – Radiation Protection
- Decontamination Techniques and Methods
- Free Contamination and Fixed Contamination
- Radiation versus Contamination
- Surface Contamination
- Types of Radioactive Contamination
- What is Contaminant – Contamination
- Quantities and Units of Radiation
- Radiation Dose
- Radiation Exposure
- Radiation Protection Principles – Time – Distance – Shielding
- Radioactivity – Nuclear Decay
- Radiobiology – Radiation Biology
- Acute Dose and Chronic Dose of Radiation
- Biological Effects of Radiation
- Deterministic and Stochastic Effects
- Deterministic Effects – Ionizing Radiation
- Direct Effects and Indirect Effects of Radiation
- High-LET and Low-LET Radiation
- Linear no-threshold model
- Radiation Dose-Response Relationship
- Radiation Hormesis
- Somatic Effects – Hereditary Effects – Ionizing Radiation
- Stochastic Effects – Ionizing Radiation
- Sources of Radiation
- Background Radiation – Natural and Artificial
- Cosmic Radiation – Cosmic Rays
- Classification and Types of Cosmic Radiation
- Composition of Cosmic Radiation
- Cosmic Radiation – Is it dangerous?
- Dose Rate in Airplane – Radiation in Flight – Is it dangerous?
- Earth’s Magnetic Field as Radiation Shield
- Energy of Cosmic Rays
- Galactic Cosmic Radiation – GCR
- Natural Neutron Background
- Radiation Dose from Cosmic Rays
- Radiation from Earth’s Radiation Belts – Van Allen belts
- Shielding of Cosmic Radiation
- Ship Effect – Cosmic Ray Induced Neutron Signature
- Solar Cosmic Radiation – Solar Particle Event
- Cosmogenic Radionuclides
- Internal Source of Radiation
- Man-made Sources of Radiation
- Natural Background Radiation
- Radiation on Earth and in Space
- Radon – Health Effects – Health Risks
- Terrestrial Radiation
- Units of Radioactivity – Activity
- Absorbed Dose
- Thermodynamics
- Extensive and Intensive Properties
- Ideal Gas Law
- Equation of State
- Example of Ideal Gas Law – Gas Compression
- Gas Laws
- Ideal Gas Model
- Internal Energy of Ideal Gas – Monatomic Gas, Diatomic Molecule
- Joule’s Second Law
- Mayer’s relation – Mayer’s formula
- Specific Heat at Constant Volume and Constant Pressure
- Universal Gas Constant
- Validity of Ideal Gas Law
- What is Ideal Gas
- Laws of Thermodynamics
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Equations – Formulas of First Law of Thermodynamics
- Example of First Law of Thermodynamics on Brayton Cycle
- Example: Turbine Specific Work
- First Law in Terms of Enthalpy dH = dQ + Vdp
- Heat and Work in Thermodynamics
- Heat Capacity – Specific Heat Capacity
- Heat in Thermodynamics
- Latent Heat of Vaporization
- pΔV Work – Boundary Work and VΔp Work
- pΔV Work in pV Diagram
- Special Cases of the First Law of Thermodynamics
- Work in Thermodynamics
- Heat Engines
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Thermal Efficiency
- Third Law of Thermodynamics – 3rd Law
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Phase Change – Phase Transition
- Specific Properties
- Steam Tables – Specific Properties of Water and Steam
- Thermodynamic Cycles
- Atkinson Cycle – Atkinson Engine
- Brayton Cycle – Gas Turbine Engine
- Brayton Cycle – pV – Ts Diagram
- Brayton Cycle – Processes – Equations
- Brayton Cycle vs Ericsson Cycle
- Brayton Cycle with Reheat, Regeneration and Intercooling
- Example of Brayton Cycle – Problem with Solution
- Pressure Ratio – Brayton Cycle – Gas Turbine
- Theory of Brayton Cycle – Brayton Engine
- Thermal Efficiency – Brayton Cycle
- Types of Brayton Cycle – Open – Closed – Reverse Cycle
- Carnot Cycle – Carnot Heat Engine
- Diesel Cycle – Diesel Engine
- Dual Cycle – Limited Pressure Cycle
- Ericsson Cycle – Theory and Efficiency
- Heating and Air Conditioning
- Air Conditioner – How does it work
- Coefficient of Performance – COP – Heat Pump
- Coefficient of Performance – COP – Refrigerator, Air Conditioner
- Example – Calculation of Heat Pump
- Heat Pump – How does it work
- R134a Refrigerant – Properties
- Refrigerator – How does it work
- Reverse Brayton Cycle – Brayton Refrigeration Cycle
- Reversible Heat Pumps – Heating and Cooling
- Vapor-compression Cycle – Refrigeration Cycle
- Otto Cycle – Otto Engine
- Actual and Ideal Otto Cycle
- Autoignition in Otto Engine – Engine Knocking
- Compression Ratio – Otto Cycle
- Compression Ratio and Thermal Efficiency
- Examples of Compression Ratios – Gasoline vs. Diesel
- Four Stroke Gasoline Engine – Otto Cycle
- Mean Effective Pressure – MEP – Otto cycle
- Otto Cycle – Problem with Solution
- Otto Cycle – pV, Ts Diagram
- Theory of Otto Cycle – Gasoline Engine
- Thermal Efficiency for Otto Cycle
- Thermodynamic Processes in Otto Cycle
- Rankine Cycle – Steam Turbine Cycle
- Boiler and Condenser Pressures – Rankine Cycle
- Example of Rankine Cycle – Problem with Solution
- Heat Regeneration – Rankine Cycle
- Rankine Cycle – Processes – Expansion and Compression
- Rankine Cycle – pV, Ts diagram
- Supercritical Rankine Cycle
- Superheat and Reheat – Rankine Cycle
- Theory of Rankine Cycle – Equations and Calculation
- Thermal Efficiency Improvement – Rankine Cycle
- Thermodynamic Processes
- Thermodynamic Properties
- Artificial Gravity
- Density Mass Volume
- What is Density – Physics
- Changes of Density
- Densest Materials on the Earth
- Density Formula – Density Equation
- Density of Heavy Water
- Density of Neutron Star
- Density of Nuclear Matter – Nuclear Density
- Density of Steam – Specific Volume of Steam
- Density of Water – Specific Volume of Water
- Density of Zirconium
- Units of Density – Units of Specific Volume
- What is Density in Science
- What is Mass and Weight
- What is Pressure – Physics
- Absolute Pressure
- Absolute vs. Gauge Pressure
- Atmospheric Pressure
- Bar – Unit of Pressure
- Critical Pressure of Water
- Dynamic Pressure – Velocity Pressure
- Force and Pressure
- Gauge Pressure
- Negative Gauge Pressure – Vacuum Pressure
- Pascal – Unit of Pressure
- Pounds per square inch – psi
- Pressure Formula – Pressure Equation
- Pressure in Condensing Steam Turbine
- Pressure in Pressurized Water Reactor
- Pressure Scales – Pressure Units
- SI Unit of Pressure
- Stagnation Pressure – Pitot Pressure
- Static Pressure
- Typical Pressures in Engineering – Examples
- What is Specific Volume
- What is Temperature – Physics
- Absolute Zero – Temperature
- Celsius Scale – Celsius Temperature
- Convert Degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit
- Fahrenheit Scale – Fahrenheit Temperature
- Highest man-made temperature
- Kelvin Scale – Absolute Temperature
- Kinetic Temperature
- Lowest man-made temperature
- Temperature Conversion Formula – Fahrenheit – Celsius
- Temperature Scales
- Thermal Equilibrium
- Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- What is Volume – Physics
- What is Energy – Physics
- British Thermal Unit (unit BTU) – Energy Unit
- Calorie (unit cal) – Energy Unit
- Electrical Energy
- Electronvolt (unit eV) – Energy Unit
- Energy Sources
- Energy Units – Conversion
- Enthalpy and Entropy
- Example of Energies in Electronvolts
- Examples of Energy of 1 Joule
- Foot-pound force (unit ft.lbf) – Energy Unit
- Forms of Energy
- Gibbs Free Energy
- Helmholtz Free Energy
- Internal Energy – Thermal Energy
- Ionization Energy
- Joule (unit J) – Energy Unit
- Kilowatt to Kilowatthour – kW to kWh
- Kilowatt-hour (unit kWh) – Energy Unit
- Megawatt-day (unit MWd) – Energy Unit
- Primary Energy Sources
- Radiant Energy
- Secondary Energy Sources – Energy Carriers
- Thermodynamic Potentials
- What is Enthalpy
- What is Entropy
- What is Kinetic Energy
- What is Mechanical Energy
- What is Potential Energy
- Fluid Dynamics
- Nuclear Power
- Nuclear Energy
- Nuclear Fission
- Basics of Nuclear Fission
- Capture-to-fission Ratio
- Critical Energy – Threshold Energy for Fission
- Delayed Neutrons
- Delayed Neutrons Energy Spectra
- Delayed Neutrons Fraction
- Description of Delayed Neutrons
- Effect of Delayed Neutrons on Reactor Control
- Effective Delayed Neutron Fraction – βeff
- Effective Precursor Decay Constant – Lambda-Effective
- Eight Groups of Delayed Neutrons – Parameters
- Infinite Multiplying System Without Source and with Delayed Neutrons
- Key Characteristics of Delayed Neutrons
- Mean Generation Time with Delayed Neutrons
- Photoneutrons
- Precursors of Delayed Neutrons
- Six Groups of Delayed Neutrons – Parameters
- Energy Release from Fission
- Fission Fragments
- Liquid Drop Model of Nucleus
- Nuclear Fission Definition – Examples of Fission
- Nuclear Fission vs Fusion
- Principles of Nuclear Fission
- Prompt Neutrons
- Description of Prompt Neutrons
- Effect of Prompt Neutron Lifetime on Nuclear Safety
- Infinite Multiplying System Without Source and Delayed Neutrons
- Key Characteristics of Prompt Neutrons
- Prompt Gamma Rays
- Prompt Generation Time – Mean Generation Time
- Prompt Neutron Energy Spectrum
- Prompt Neutron Lifetime – PNL
- Prompt Neutrons and Delayed Neutrons
- Ternary Fission
- Weizsaecker Formula – Semi-empirical Mass Formula
- Nuclear Fusion
- Nuclear Reactions
- Reactor Physics
- Atomic and Nuclear Physics
- Atomic and Nuclear Structure
- Atomic Theory
- Atomism – Atomos – Philosophy
- Bohr Model of Atom
- Dalton’s Theory
- Discovery of Atomic Nucleus
- Discovery of Proton
- Geiger-Marsden Experiments – Rutherford gold foil experiment
- Pauli Exclusion Principle
- Rutherford Model of the Atom
- Saturnian Model of the Atom – Nagaoka’s Planetary Model
- Thomson Model of the Atom – Plum Pudding Model
- Binding Energy
- Fundamental Interactions – Fundamental Forces
- Fundamental Particles
- Alpha Particle
- Antineutrino
- Baryons
- Beta Particle
- Hadrons
- Isospin
- Leptons
- Neutrino
- Neutron
- Application of Neutrons
- Characteristics of Neutron Radiation
- Detection of Neutrons
- Discovery of the Neutron
- Fast Neutrons – High-Energy Neutrons
- Free Neutron
- Interactions of Neutrons with Matter
- Neutron Energy
- Neutron Sources
- Properties of the Neutron
- Shielding of Neutron Radiation
- Structure of the Neutron
- Thermal Neutron
- What are Fission Neutrons
- Particles and Antiparticles – What are Antiparticles
- Photon – Fundamental Particle
- Quarks
- The Standard Model
- What is Antimatter
- What is Electron – Properties of Electron
- What is Matter
- What is Proton – Properties of Proton
- Nuclear Stability
- Radiation
- Alpha Radiation
- Alpha, Beta and Gamma Radiation
- Beta Radiation
- Forms of Ionizing Radiation
- Ionizing Radiation
- Non-ionizing Radiation
- Shielding of Ionizing Radiation
- Visible and Invisible Radiation
- X-Rays – Roentgen Radiation
- Characteristics of X-rays / Radiation
- Compton Scattering of X-rays
- Discovery of X-Rays – Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
- Half Value Layer – X-rays
- Interaction of X-rays with Matter
- Linear and Mass Attenuation Coefficient – X-rays
- Photoelectric Absorption of X-rays
- Rayleigh Scattering – Thomson Scattering
- Shielding of X-rays
- Soft X-Rays – Hard X-Rays
- X-Ray – Production – X-ray Tube
- X-ray Attenuation
- X-Ray Spectrum – Characteristic and Continuous
- Radioactive Decay
- Activity – Specific Activity
- Alpha Decay – Alpha Radioactivity
- Alpha Decay vs Beta Decay – Radioactivity
- Alpha Decay vs Gamma Decay – Radioactivity
- Beta Decay – Beta Radioactivity
- Electron Capture – Inverse Beta Decay
- Gamma Decay – Gamma Radioactivity
- Gamma Decay vs Beta Decay – Radioactivity
- Internal Conversion
- Neutron Decay – Neutron Emission
- Proton Decay – Proton Emission
- Radioactive Decay Chain
- Radioactive Decay Law
- Radioactive Equilibrium
- Radiometric Dating – Radioactive Dating
- Spontaneous Fission
- What is Atom – Properties of Atoms
- Core Design and Nuclear Calculations
- Interaction of Radiation with Matter
- Neutron Diffusion Theory
- Albedo Boundary Condition
- Applicability of Diffusion Theory
- Boundary Conditions – Diffusion Equation
- Derivation of One-group Diffusion Equation
- Diffusion Coefficient
- Diffusion Equation
- Diffusion Equation – Finite Cylindrical Reactor
- Diffusion Equation – Finite Spherical Reactor
- Diffusion Equation – Infinite Planar Source
- Diffusion Equation – Infinite Reactor
- Diffusion Equation – Infinite Slab Reactor
- Diffusion Equation – Line Source
- Diffusion Equation – Non-multiplying Systems
- Diffusion Equation – Point Source
- Diffusion Equation – Two Different Media
- Diffusion Equation – Multiplying Systems
- Diffusion Length
- Fick’s Law
- Finite Flux Condition
- Geometrical and Material Buckling
- How to Calculate Neutrons
- Interface Conditions
- Meaning of Diffusion
- Migration Length – Migration Area
- Multigroup Diffusion Equations
- Neutron Balance – Continuity Equation
- Neutron Current Density
- Neutron Leakage
- Neutron Transport Theory – Boltzmann Transport Equation
- Numerical Solution of Diffusion Equation
- Physical Interpretation of Fick’s Law
- Power Distribution in Conventional Reactors
- Reactor Thermal Power
- Reflected Reactor
- Reflector Savings
- Source Condition
- Vacuum Boundary Condition – Extrapolated Length
- Validity of Fick’s Law
- Nuclear Engineering Fundamentals
- Neutron Nuclear Reactions
- Atomic Number Density
- Charged Particle Ejection
- Compound Nucleus Reactions
- Definition of Cross-section
- Direct Nuclear Reactions
- Macroscopic Cross-section
- Mean Free Path
- Microscopic Cross-section
- Neutron Absorption
- Neutron Capture – Radiative Capture
- Neutron Elastic Scattering
- Neutron Emission
- Neutron Flux Density – Neutron Intensity
- Neutron Flux Spectra
- Neutron Inelastic Scattering
- Nuclear Radius – Radius of Nucleus
- Reaction Rate
- Self-shielding
- Total Cross-section
- Neutron Nuclear Reactions
- Nuclear Fission Chain Reaction
- Fast Fission Factor
- Fast Non-leakage Probability
- Four Factor Formula – Infinite Multiplication Factor
- Neutron Generation – Neutron Population
- Operational factors that affect the multiplication in PWRs
- Reactivity
- Reactivity Coefficients – Reactivity Feedbacks
- Reactor Criticality
- Reproduction Factor
- Resonance Escape Probability
- Six Factor Formula – Effective Multiplication Factor
- Thermal Non-leakage Probability
- Thermal Utilization Factor
- Reactor Dynamics
- Approximate Solution of Point Kinetics Equations
- Constant Delayed Neutron Source Approximation
- Derivation of Simple Point Kinetics Equation
- Experimental Methods of Reactivity Determination
- Feedback Delay – Time Constants
- Inhour Equation – Reactor Kinetics
- Inverse Reactor Kinetics – Reactimeter
- Measurement of Asymptotic Period
- Moderator-to-fuel Ratio
- Oscillation of Reactivity – Frequency Characteristics
- Point Dynamics Equations
- Point Kinetics Equations
- Prompt Jump Approximation – Prompt Drop
- Reactivity Pulse – Impulse Characteristics
- Reactor Kinetics
- Reactor Stability
- Rod Drop Method
- SCRAM – Reactor Trip
- SCRAM from Hot Full Power
- SCRAM from Hot Zero Power
- Simple Point Kinetics Equation without and with Delayed Neutrons
- Source Jerk Method
- Subcritical Multiplication
- Under-moderated vs Over-moderated
- Reactor Operation
- Fuel Burnup
- Normal Operation – Reactor Control
- Axial Flux Difference – Axial Offset Control
- Base Load Power Plant
- Base load vs Load Follow
- Constant Pressure – Constant Temperature Regime
- Heat Flux Hot Channel Factor – FQ(z)
- Hot Channel Factors – Peaking Factors
- Load Following Power Plant
- Nuclear Enthalpy Rise Hot Channel Factor
- Power Distribution Limits
- Power Plant Control – Electric Power Control
- Power Tilt – Flux Tilt – Quadrant – Sextant Symmetry
- Pressure Control – Over-pressure Relief System
- Reactor Power Control
- Temperature Control – Core Inlet Temperature
- Reactor Cooling
- Reactor Shutdown
- Reactor Startup
- Residual Heat
- Samarium 149
- Shutdown Margin – SDM
- Xenon 135
- Atomic and Nuclear Physics
- Nuclear Power for Everybody
- Nuclear Power Plant
- Containment Building
- Control Rods
- Conventional (Turbine) Island
- History of NPPs
- NPP
- Nuclear Fuel
- Burnable Absorbers – Burnable Poisons
- Conversion Factor – Breeding Ratio
- Fresh Fuel Assembly – Spent Fuel Assembly
- Fuel Consumption of Conventional Reactor
- Fuel Loading Pattern
- Hydraulic Lift Force
- Irradiated Nuclear Fuel
- Nuclear Fuel Assembly – Fuel Fabrication
- Fuel Cladding – Cladding Tube
- Baker-Just Correlation – Zirconium Oxidation Rate
- Crud Induced Corrosion
- Debris Fretting – Grid-to-rod Fretting
- Delayed Hydride Cracking – DHC
- Equivalent Cladding Reacted – ECR
- Fabrication Defects – Failure Mechanisms
- Fuel Cladding Integrity – Postulated Accidents
- High Temperature Steam Oxidation of Zirconium Alloys
- Internal Hydriding
- Loss of Tightness of Fuel Cladding – Fuel Reliability
- Oxidation of Zirconium Alloys
- Peak Cladding Temperature – PCT
- Pellet-cladding interaction – PCI
- Fuel Pellets
- Fuel Rods – Fuel Pins
- Guide Thimble Tubes – Instrumentation Tube
- Spacing Grids – Fuel Assembly
- Top Nozzle – Bottom Nozzle
- Fuel Cladding – Cladding Tube
- Nuclear Fuel Cycle
- Closed Fuel Cycle
- Once-through Fuel Cycle
- Open Fuel Cycle vs Closed Fuel Cycle
- Thorium Fuel Cycle
- Twice-through Fuel Cycle
- Types of Nuclear Fuel Cycles
- Uranium Conversion – Uranium Hexafluoride – UF6
- Uranium Enrichment
- Uranium Fuel Cycle
- Uranium Milling
- Uranium Mining – Uranium Mines
- Uranium Tailings – Heap
- Wait and See
- Yellowcake – U3O8
- Plutonium
- Pressure Drop – Fuel Assembly
- Spent Nuclear Fuel
- Burnup of Spent Fuel
- Characteristics of Spent Fuel
- Composition of Spent Nuclear Fuel
- Dry Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel
- Dry Storage Silo
- Dry Storage Vaults
- Interim Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel
- Metal Casks vs Concrete Casks
- Radioactivity and Decay Heat of Spent Nuclear Fuel
- Safety of Spent Fuel Casks
- Spent Fuel Cask – Dry Storage Cask
- Spent Fuel Handling – Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel
- Spent Fuel Management
- Wet Storage of Spent Fuel
- Thorium
- Thorium Fuel vs Uranium Fuel
- Thorium vs Uranium
- Uranium
- Nuclear Island
- Nuclear Reactor
- Radioactive Waste
- Danger of Radioactive Waste
- Deep Geological Repository
- Final Disposal – Permanent Disposal
- High-level Waste – HLW
- Industrial Radioactive Waste
- Intermediate-level Waste – ILW
- Low-level Waste – LLW
- Low-level Waste vs High-level Waste
- Medical Radioactive Waste
- Natural Nuclear Reactor – Oklo
- Naturally occurring radioactive materials – NORM
- Nuclear Waste
- Nuclear Waste Disposal and Storage
- Sources of Radioactive Waste – Examples
- Types of Radioactive Waste
- Reactor Core
- Spent Fuel Pool
- Boron Credit – Partial Boron Credit
- Burnup Credit in Nuclear Criticality Analysis
- Cooling of Spent Fuel Pool
- Double Contingency Principle
- High Density Racks – Maximum Density Racks
- Safety of Spent Fuel Pool
- Shielding of Spent Fuel in Spent Fuel Pool
- Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel
- Subcriticality of Spent Fuel Pool
- Turbine Generator – Power Conversion System
- Cooling System – Circulating Water System
- Deaerator – Operating Principle
- Feedwater Heating System – Heat Regeneration
- From Boiler to Main Steam Lines – Evaporation
- From Condensate Pumps to Feedwater Pumps
- From Condenser to Condensate Pumps – Condensation
- From Feedwater Pumps to Steam Generator
- From Turbine Valves to Condenser – Expansion
- Main Condenser – Steam Condenser
- Main Generator – Electric Generator – Turbo-alternator
- Principle of Operation of Turbine Generator
- Theory of Steam Turbines – Thermodynamics
- Turbine Bypass System – Turbine Steam Dump System
- What is Steam Turbine – Description and Characteristics
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Steam Turbines
- Back-pressure Steam Turbine – Process Steam
- Classification of Turbines – Steam supply and exhaust conditions
- Compounding of Steam Turbines
- Condensing Steam Turbine
- Extraction Turbine – Turbine with Steam Extraction
- Governing of Steam Turbine
- How does a steam turbine work
- HP Turbine – High-pressure Steam Turbine
- Impulse Turbine – Impulse Blading
- Impulse Turbine and Reaction Turbine
- Losses in Steam Turbines
- LP Turbine – Low-pressure Steam Turbine
- Pressure Compounding – Rateau Turbine – Zoelly Turbine
- Pressure-Velocity Compounding – Curtis Turbine
- Reaction Turbine – Parsons Turbine
- Reheat Steam Turbine
- Turbine Blades
- Turbine Trip
- Types of Steam Turbines
- Types of Reactors
- Reactor Dynamics – Quiz – Test your Knowledge
- Sitemap – Nuclear Power
